Synopsis
~ The history, botany, cultivation, distillation of the flowers for essential
oil, solubility and
the uses of the oil.
Books and oils needed for research
YLANG-YLANG
ESSENTIAL OIL PROFILE
YLANG-YLANG BOTANICAL & LATIN BINOMIAL ~ Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Thomson. Ylang has other common names such as Macassar-oil plant, or perfume tree. Ylang-Ylang is said to mean ‘flower of flowers’ in the Philippines. However, I was not able to confirm this. It could mean several other words as well. The Tagalog name is ilang-ilang. “The species and its genus have a long and rather confusing nomenclatural history that has yet to be resolved completely.”3 —Turner and Veldkamp
Naming ~ There are two forms of the plant, often called Cananga odorata forma macrophylla which produces the oil called Cananga and the more well-known Cananga odorata forma genuina which is the oil we will be discussing. They are considered different trees with different plant descriptions, forma macrophylla from Java and other islands while forma genuina is best when from Madagascar. I have been fortunate to have seen and smelled both types although at the time (1990) I was not aware of the difference in the plants. Family – Annonaceae
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COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN ~ Native to India, Indonesia, and the Philippines, and grows well in the Comoros, Islands of Madagascar, Réunion, as well as Haiti and Zanzibar. The Fairchild Tropical Gardens in Coral Gables, Florida have trees as does the Palm Beach Garden Club (I believe that was the name of the place where I spoke about 20 years ago).
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT, HABITAT & GROWTH ~ Tall tropical tree growing over 60 feet high with large drooping yellow flowers, up to six inches wide. The flowers first appear green and are without fragrance and covered in white hairs, then, roughly twenty days later, change to white then to yellow and become very fragrant.
“In this country, there are also large trees which at certain times produce very beautiful fragrant flowers. One of these is the Cananga-tree, which is rather high, beautiful of the trunk (which sometimes may be a fathom around), and greyish of bark. The leaves are in rows on long twigs arranged against each other, about as long as wide, similar to a peach leaf, acute, and full of ribs. The blossom, or flowers, show themselves here and there between the leaves, in bunches, well similar to a somewhat yellow or orange ribbon, which hangs down, consisting of six long narrow weak leaflets, about a little finger long, and as wide. Her true color at first is pale yellow, having on top as a small peppercorn, from which the fruit comes. They are very strong in scent, which they spread along the whole road where this tree stands, especially towards the night; yet their color is the most pleasant. Most of the flowers fall without producing a fruit (a few excepted) and were collected, for nosegays for the young damsels, to carry them in their hair. The native dries it, too, to smoke it under his tobacco, or to eat them with betel nut, putting a leaflet with the betel quid. They also serve to decorate with them the vegetable-bows at the large festivals, and especially with an oil that has been extracted, which is very strong, fragrant, and useful against many ailments originating from frigidness. The natives also use this oil below their betel nut, also they mix it together with their bobori . The wild does not differ much from the tame, of which we show a branch on No XLII.”3
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Ylang-Ylang flowers
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PORTION OF
PLANT USED IN DISTILLATION, HOW DISTILLED, EXTRACTION METHODS ~
The flowers are harvested fresh and hydro- or steam-distilled. In 375 Essential Oils & Hydrosols, explicit instruction is given on how to distill Ylang-Ylang flowers. See p. 159.41) all parts of the still must be immaculate.2) the flowers should be fully mature, not damaged, and harvested early in the morning.3) flowers must be taken immediately to the distillery and distilled immediately.4) the stills are direct-fired, and the water should be almost boiling when the flowers are added.5) proceed smoothly, quickly, uniformly with supervised eyes-on distillation.6) condensation must be efficient, and the fractions sharply cut off.7) complete notes should be taken on all parts of the growing, harvesting and distillation including information on the distillation weather, water, equipment, wind and temperature during the distillation.
“The flowers of the tree are steam-distilled. “The first part of the distillation produced within the first 45 minutes produces the finest oil, known as “Extra” and the receiver is then removed, and another receiver put in its place. The “Extra” is used mainly in perfumery. The same flowers continue to be distilled for several more hours and in 2 ½ hours, another receiver when removed is called the 1st fraction, as the distillation continues for several more hours and the receiver is removed and this is called the 2nd fraction, distillation will continue for up to 10-14 hours and finally, the end result is called the 3rd fraction. This last fraction is often used for removing varnishes. This process can take up to fourteen hours. Ylang-Ylang oil is also produced by solvent extraction with ether and this forms a concrète and absolute.“4 On Madagascar sometimes when a steam-distillation is done for a ‘complete’ the entire distillation is done in 6-8 hours.
Yield ~ 1.5-2%.
A mature tree gives 9 kilograms of fresh flowers yielding 30 grams of oil per
year.
3 fractions of the oil
There is a study and work being conducted on capturing Ylang-Ylang scent by headspace technology. This is a process used to capture the odor compounds present in the air that surround an object. Once the scent is captured and analyzed, perfumers can try to recreate the scent using what they have available.
Scent capture by headspace technology
SUSTAINABILITY ~ Ylang-ylang seems to be sustainable at this point and several large commercial companies are working with planters and growers to maintain the healthy population of these tree flowers. They work to champion responsible sourcing and supporting the farming community.
CONTRAINDICATIONS ~ It may cause nausea and headache
if overused.
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ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS of some YLANG-YLANG OILS
5 Organoleptic characteristics of Ylang-Ylang oil through 8 samples
Taste
Description ~ There are now six described tastes: sweet, sour,
salty, bitter, umami (savory) and pungent (heat and spice).
8 different fractions (types) of Ylang-Ylang oil (7 courtesy of Eden Botanicals)
ODOR
DESCRIPTION ~ There is more descriptive odor information in the
Blending portion of this blog post and odor snapshots at the end. I am
particularly fond of the Absolute of
Ylang-Ylang and the Extra that I have from 1995, and 2005. These two types of Ylang-ylang are so rich
and floral, fruity with powder and honey back notes.
The absolute and the extra have deep rich color and have a very satisfying and rich fatty, floral, and a fruity odor that has great tenacity in a scent blend. The complete and the fine organic are also enjoyable with very special uses in blending and perfumery. In a blend these top fractions have unusual power in the top note, and the fragrance fades out very slowly and elegantly in a long-lasting, floral-spicy and very sweet way that is truly reminiscent of the fragrance of the flower.
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SOLUBILITY
Ylang-Ylang is not soluble in 2 volumes of 95% alcohol. That means if you add 1-volume of Ylang-Ylang to 2-volumes of alcohol it will be milky and not clear. You have to add enough alcohol as a diluent so that it is not milky. Years ago, I had a phone call from a student that the Ylang she was using was milky and not clear when she added alcohol as a diluent. I went to my Guenther books and read all about Ylang and found that it is not soluble in certain amounts of alcohol. As an experiment in July of 2002, I decided to do some various dilutions for my own knowledge and experimentation. As follows:1 volume of Ylang -Ylang Extra plus 2 volumes of 85% Pear EtOH — milky and creamy in color …1 volume of Ylang -Ylang Extra plus 2 volumes of 95% Grain EtOH — milky and golden in color …1 volume of Ylang -Ylang #3 plus 2 volumes of 85% Pear EtOH — milky and creamy in color …1 volume of Ylang -Ylang #3 plus 2 volumes of 95% Grain EtOH — milky and golden in color …
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In September 2002, I mixed 20 drops of each of the four types of Ylang -Ylang with 10 or fewer drops of each of the alcohol and found that the color stayed golden in color and that the mixtures were clear.
18 hours later at 10 am on 9/7/02 – I looked at the mixtures and found that the Ylang-Ylang had settled out of the 85% EtOH and was still turbid in 95% grain EtOH. I mixed the two types of 85% EtOH and Ylang-Ylang together and watched the settling process. Then I read Guenther again and found
that if your Ylang -Ylang gets milky in alcohol it only means that you added
too little or too much alcohol — it is supposed to get milky and if it doesn’t
get milky then you have an adulterated Ylang -Ylang. In other words, the more
alcohol you add the milkier and cloudier it gets until up to 10 volumes of 90%
EtOH and it will begin to clear. [thus, you need 10 times the high-proof
alcohol as a diluent with Ylang-Ylang]
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Here is more information from Guenther…
“Oils obtained by steam distillation in a large distillery on Madagascar are of good quality. The relatively high specific gravity and ester number of the “3rd” fraction prove that distillation was not “pushed” too far. Entire distillation of Ylang-Ylang lasted 12 hours….”1 —Guenther, The Essential Oils, vol. 5, pages 297 specifically and pages 276-316.
Solubility chart
This was a
great experiment.
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CHEMICAL COMPONENTS ~ Ylang-Ylang oil is very complex with many constituents including, Linaloöl, Geranyl Acetate, Benzyl Benzoate, B-Caryophyllene, Benzyl Acetate, Methyl Benzoate, Methyl Salicylate, Eugenol, Cresol and Terpenes such as pinene and cadinene. “The percentages are 33-38% sesquiterpenes 52-64% alcohols and esters, and 3% phenols, terpenes, aldehydes, and ketones”.4
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HISTORICAL USES ~ Perfumery and as an aphrodisiac and anti-depressant. Ylang-Ylang or Cananga oil is used as hairdressing and constituent of perfumery including Chanel No. 5 and others. It is often mixed with pimento oil (aka Allspice oil or Pimenta dioica). Macassar oil is often made using coconut oil or palm oil or that of Schleichera oleosa (called Kusum or Malay Lac tree), combined with Ylang-ylang oil that is obtained by processing the flowers of the Ylang-ylang tree, (Cananga odorata) and other fragrant oils.
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An old fun word is an antimacassar. The Macassar oil would transfer from the man’s hair to the back of his chair and the antimacassar was developed, that is, a small cloth like a doily or tatted fabric placed over the backs or arms of chairs, or the head or cushions of a sofa, to prevent soiling of the chair. The name also refers to the cloth flap ‘collar’ on a sailor’s shirt or top, used to keep macassar oil off the uniform.
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Macassar Oil – Hair Dressing2 oz of Macassar Oil (Schleichera oleosa) or Argan oilup to 1-oz of Argan oil (Argan oil, Argania spinosa), or Coconut oil2-4 Ylang flowersup to 10 drops Ylang oil (Use fraction #1 or the Complete)Macerate in a bain-marie (with very warm water underneath) the Macassar oil and the flowers, until the oil has taken up the scent of the flowers. This will take 1-3 hours in a warm room. Strain and add the other oil and the essential oil.Let it rest. Check the scent – if subtle and sweet it is okay. If too strong, add a bit of Argan/Macassar/Coconut – whichever you prefer. If the scent is not strong enough, next time use more flowers. —Jeanne Rose 2012
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INTERESTING FACTS ~ The fruits of
the Cananga odorata are not edible. When the flowers are picked at night, they
are the most fragrant and the resultant essential oil is known as the “Queen of
Perfumes”. It is not well-known, but
Ylang-Ylang oil is used in confectionery, enhancing fruit flavors such as peach
and apricot, for candy, icings and baked goods, as well as in soft drinks and
chewing gum.
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OVER the years, I have written about Ylang-Ylang and compared the various fractions of the essential oil and have noted that they are becoming less intense and different both in scent and in color. I have experienced and photographed these changes. I cannot say why these changes have occurred but since writing The Aromatherapy Book in 1992, I wrote the following. “Now we come to the de-evolution of Ylang Complete – once a rich and real whole scent that was distilled from the flowers and collected from the total distillation.” In the photograph below, you can see the color change from the rich color of 1995, to less color in 2000, to ever less color from 2005 to 2010. Again, I am assuming that the big perfume houses are getting the best, or possibly the distillers are distilling too long or maybe the 1st fraction is removed, and the balance collected; but whatever is happening, it is not good!
Ylang Complete over the years 2000-2010
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And about
Ylang-Ylang Extra: “It is amazing how Ylang-Ylang Extra has changed and
de-evolved over the years with possibly the same reasons happening that growers
and distillers are sending the highest quality Extra to Paris for high-end
perfume or the weather is changing and messing with the flowers or the
distillers are not being as discriminating as they once were to separate each
fraction carefully. Look at the great diversity of color (also reflected in the
scent) of Ylang-Ylang Extra from 1995 to 2005 to 2010.” This continues today. You can learn
from this by reading the Aromatherapy
Studies Course – http:///aromatherapy.html
Ylang Extra from 3 distillations from 1995-2010
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YLANG-YLANG GENERAL
PROPERTIES
Properties (by IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation or AP=application) ~ If you use Ylang-Ylang by application, it is antiseptic with the “second” and “thirds” fractions being antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic. If you use the oil by inhalation it is somewhat aphrodisiac, calming and acts as a nervine and a sedative, antidepressant, calmative, cardiotonic, and euphoric.
Contra-Indications & Personal Note: In my own experience, most fractions of Ylang-Ylang are not cardiotonic but an accelerator of heart rhythm. Please be extra careful with this lovely perfumery oil. Do not use on children or the elderly.
YLANG-YLANG PHYSICAL USES & HOW USED ~
Application: Add a few drops in skincare products and use to soothe the skin, ease light pain or use in perfumery. Fraction #1 has often been recommended to be added to a blend to treat scabies and mange, although I have never had the opportunity to try this.
Inhalation of Ylang-Ylang: RELAX! Ylang-Ylang is used externally for bath and body and inhaled to soothe anger, relieve, pain, for insomnia, a euphoric that serves as an aphrodisiac and to treat impotence. Use it with Lemon oil and Lavender oil to relax your blood pressure as studies have shown that this is a very effective formula. This mixture was found to be effective in lowering systolic blood pressure and sympathetic nerve system activity. The blend was 2•2•1 (Lemon/Lavender/Ylang complete) and you can read about it here.— http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21157172
•Ingestion: Ylang-Ylang has been taken in the past for PMS, to regulate circulation, as a uterine tonic, aphrodisiac, and cardiotonic. However, I am not sure that the appropriate way to use these flowers is by the intake of the oil; the oil has devolved over the years (see Interesting Facts above) and from my own personal exploration and knowledge and my uses of over 45 years, the best way is simply by inhalation for relaxation and emotional soothing.
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Ylang-Ylang oil is distilled in four fractions, extra, first, second and third, extra and first fractions are used most often in perfume, second and third in soap fragrance. “Extra and third are the most important in trade. There is also a Ylang-Ylang absolute produced by solvent extraction. Distillation is traditionally carried out in rather small stills to avoid damaging the flowers with the weight of a heavy charge. With unusual power in its top note, the fragrance fades out very slowly and most elegantly in a long-lasting, floral-spicy and very sweet note, truly reminiscent of the fragrance of the flower.” It is so good in perfumery and used in soothing skincare and by inhalation, in dilution, it eases depression and soothes anger.
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Ylang is so soothing and nice –it makes up in scent with its price –Add to perfume –romance will boom –And you may end up married with rice. —JeanneRose2017
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EMOTIONAL/ENERGETIC USES (AP OR IN) ~•Inhalation: Aphrodisiac, nervousness, anti-depressant, euphoric, relieves tension, stress, irritability, and anger, cardiotonic, sedative, PMS, physical exhaustion.•Inhalation of Ylang #1 oil as an aphrodisiac and for insomnia, to sooth aggression and very useful in a man’s product for stress. Valerie Worwood suggests that Ylang-Ylang (fraction used unknown) be used to counteract anxiety, tension, stress and shyness among other things and then it can be used to assist self-confidence and warmth. She says the “Ylang-Ylang personality is intensely feminine”. — The Fragrant Mind, p. 398.
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DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION ~ All fractions of Ylang oil can be used with other oils and used in the diffusor. It seems especially nice to mix with Lemon and true Lavender oil to soothe the atmosphere of a room.
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BLENDING and PERFUMERY ~
https://jeanne-blog.com/gourmet-perfumery/
“The top note, the first impression of the scent as it is applied to the skin, is rather fleeting and ephemeral but richly sweet and powerful. The middle and bottom notes are most lasting, fading out slowly over the course of a day.” 5 • All fractions of Ylang-Ylang blend well with an enormous variety of oils and resins and scents from all parts of plants, such as the seeds (Cardamom), roots (Vetivert), stems (Lavender), flowers (Jasmin), barks (Cedrus), and herbs such as Spearmint. It would do you well to know what fraction you have and try some blends before deciding on your favorite. Personally, because I have physical issues with my heart, I am unable to use the fractions of Ylang-Ylang called I, II, or III individually. They actually make me nauseous. So, I choose the absolute or extra in my perfumery of choice.
Ylang photo of flowers from Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden by Jeanne Rose, 1992
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EARTHY FLORAL ROSE PERFUMETop Note -7 drops of Bergamot, 2 drops of Rosewood, 4 drops of Rose GeraniumBridge Note – 1 drop of Lime SDHeart Note – 5 drops of Jasmine, 3 drops of Rose absolute, 3 drops of Ylang ExtraBridge Note – 2 drops of Sandalwood, 2 drops of Black PepperBase Note – 8 drops of Patchouli and 4 drops of VetivertFixative Note – 1 drop of Musk Ambrette
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LECTURES & ARTICLES OF PERFUMERY
The Pharmacy of Love was a favorite talk that I gave beginning 1992 and I spoke of the power of Ylang-Ylang and other lovely scents that can be used in perfumery and for love. “…These scents included Neroli which is an essential oil from the Bitter Orange flower, Petitgrain which is from the leaves of the Bitter Orange plus Ylang-Ylang extra, using the top grade perfume essential oil from the flowers of the tropical tree, and Jasmine flower and the Atlas Cedar from the wood of Cedrus atlantica that was used in a sacred incense to invoke the gods. These were used individually and together in various parts of the wedding ritual and vows.”2
The entire
article is here http:///articles/wedding_aromatic.html
“The Wedding Ritual – Essential oil worn by the bride will serve to enhance her aromatic beauty, envelop her in an aromatic aura fit for a princess, and calm her nerves! As she prepares for the exciting day, she relaxes with regular foot soaks and massages and the regular use of aromatherapy for body care. Five drops of Peppermint or Sage oil in a foot bath soothes and relieves tired feet. Ten drops of essential oil added to an ounce of unscented lotion can be used to tend the feet, or anywhere on the body. While Peppermint and Sage are good for the feet, floral oils such as Ylang-Ylang, Lavandula angustifolia, and Neroli are inhaled provide relief from jittery nerves and tension. Aromatic baths of 3-5 drops of these essential oils are swished into the tub just before stepping in to increase the efficacy of this stress-relieving time.”2
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Cananga odorata hydrosol from Waiitibotanicals.com
HYDROSOL ~ I received
the above two bottles of Ylang-Ylang hydrosol in October. They were distilled
at the end of August from flowers harvested in the early a.m. on the island of
Kauai. Distillation started before noon and lasted for 8 hours for the
steam-distillation and 4 hours for the hydro-distillation. Wai’iti
Botanicals values their company as a single origin botanical purveyor and
started this plant from seed.
Ylang-ylang hydrosol is quite nice as a spray on the face and body. With a wee bit (1%) of Spearmint, it will bring joy and peacefulness. Spray this combination on pillows and bed linens for sweet sleep. By itself it is a calming floral aroma; added to a toner it will help combination skin or oily skin. It can also be sprayed on the hair for a light aroma. Use it after you have shampooed and rinsed, as a spray mist, and then comb it through. I have used Ylang hydrosol myself many times and have always loved this particular hydrosol. I have also seen it listed on several websites but since no information was given about how it was produced or where or when I have chosen not to purchase.
I suggest that you too, not purchase a hydrosol unless certain key bits of information are given such as when it was produced, where it was produced, who produced it, and did they follow correct distillation and sterile procedures.
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HERBAL USES ~ If you have the opportunity to obtain fresh flowers, you can “put them in a vase at home, the fragrance can last up to a month, even until flowers themselves are totally dried and shriveled.”4 The flowers can also be infused in oil and this oil used either as a hairdressing or in massage. And of course, the flowers can be used to perfume your bath or in your hair as a decoration.
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KEY
USE ~ Sexual
tonic and in perfumery
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YLANG-YLANG
TOMATO TALES -1
Gio Costanzo, Ylang, and Champagne – Gio is a really nice friend of mine who happens to have just become single again. Geo is just learning about essential oils and became very intrigued with them when another friend of ours mentioned that they could act as ‘aphrodisiacs.’ “HOW?” was the first question asked? “Well, you can use them to make things smell really fragrant like you can put a drop or two of Eucalyptus in your sauna to make the place smell better; you could put a drop of Ylang-Ylang in your champagne and drink it with your girlfriend; you can add essential oils to the last rinse of your laundry to make your bedding smell really sweet,” was our collective response.Several months later I found myself on a plane with him, flying to Texas for a football game, and asked about the aphrodisiac and if he had used it. He had grabbed hold of the Ylang-Ylang in the champagne answer but hadn’t listened to the part about “a drop” and had added something like 1-drop to each glass poured from his very expensive bottle of champagne. He told me that he and his girlfriend had spent the evening together and had several glasses each of the bubbles but didn’t much like the taste and so went to bed where they promptly fell asleep. “I didn’t like it and It didn’t work very well as an aphrodisiac, but it did work to put us to sleep”. He also told me that I had forgotten the most important part of his story that the Ylang-ylang did not make then smell good. “I thought we were going to smell good but after drinking the champagne, we smelled so bad we couldn’t stand each other in the same bed. That was the worst part of it, and you can mention that. Jeanne what we did was put a drop in every glass of champagne until we had used up all the Ylang. We hopped into bed, started getting hot sweats and then the pungent smell came over us. It was a horrid smell and we could not wash that smell away. We slept in different rooms that night because of the smell. There went that romantic night! Also bad for me on the plane the next day. That’s the way my first experience with Ylang went.”
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YLANG-YLANG
TOMATO TALES -2
Ylang
Dog use
This is the famous Wolfie Dog in 1995
Many who have the books of Jeanne Rose, aromatherapist and author of many books concerning herbs and aromatherapy, know the story of Sumo and Wolfie. “Several books that I have written describe many natural remedies. The story of Sumo, my son Bryan Moore’s dog who was a full-grown Akita-Shepherd cross with the face of a puppy, is a lesson in natural health care. He was run over by a car and dragged along the pavement on his right side for some distance. The injury to his rear right leg was severe including severed ligaments and tendons in a 180-degree rotation around the hock joint and torn off skin and muscles. Veterinarians recommended amputation. I (Jeanne Rose) refused to allow this and treated the dog’s wounds with diluted flowering Tea Tree hydrosol (Melaleuca linariifolia) and diluted essential oils of fresh Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and Lavender (Lavandula x intermedia var Grosso). Today there is only an almost unnoticeable scar the length of his leg and a slight limp in Sumo’s happy gait. At the same time, I used Ylang-Ylang #1 (Cananga odorata) oil in a diffuser to treat my dog, Wolfie (the beautiful blue-eyed Siberian Husky), by inhalation. She was emotionally traumatized by the terrible incident.”5 She also would not go outside unless attended. Ylang-Ylang #1 essential oil was added to the diffuser and Wolfie would get up and lie down nearer to the diffuser at times during the day and then go back to her bed. When Sumo came home, she was much more at ease. Wolfie was also thrown by the same car and hit her rear hip that later in life developed a spindle cell tumor. However, both dogs lived past their 16th birthday.”.
Warning -do not trap a dog near a diffuser without a way for it to move away. Some odors are just too strong for a dog’s sensitive sense of smell.
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Scent Rising up
Science article ~ Safety assessment of Ylang–Ylang (Cananga spp.) as a food ingredientGeorge A. Burdock, Ioana Carabin. From Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 46, issue 2, February 2008, pg. 433-445.
Abstract. Ylang–Ylang oil is used in the food industry as a flavor ingredient. It is a complex chemical mixture in the form of essential oil extracted by water or water-and-steam distillation from the fresh flowers of Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Thomson. Ylang–Ylang oil has been reported to cause dermal sensitization reactions in animals and humans, but it is unclear what constituent(s) within the essential oil comprise the offending agent(s) and whether some Ylang–Ylang oils that have had certain constituent(s) removed are any less prone to cause such allergic reactions. There is no indication in the literature that food exposure to Ylang–Ylang oil has caused allergic reactions. One subchronic inhalation toxicity study, involving Ylang–Ylang oil as part of a larger fragrance raw materials mixture, gave no indication of causing adverse effects, but the relevance to risk assessment of oral food flavoring use exposures is likely minimal. No further toxicity data for Ylang–Ylang oil have been reported. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Ylang–Ylang oil has a long history of fragrance and food flavoring use, with no indication that its estimated consumption from food flavoring use (0.0001 mg/kg/day) has led to any adverse human health effects. These data indicate that at the current level of intake as a food ingredient, Ylang–Ylang oil does not pose a health risk to humans.
References: 1Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Volume 5, pages 267-316.2 http:///articles/wedding_aromatic.html3 A history of Cananga (Annonaceae). IM Turner, J.F. Veldkamp. Gard.Bull.Singapore, 2009- nparks.gov.sg4 Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils & Hydrosols5 Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations.
Alpharnd@aol.com. Nadim Shaath. www.alpharnd.comHarman, Ann. Harvest to HydrosolI.M. Turner and J.F. Veldkamp.A History of Cananga (Annonaceae). Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 61 (1): 189-204. 2009Mabberley, D.J. Mabberley’s Plant Book. 2008 3rd Edition with 2014 updates. Cambridge University PressRose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils & Hydrosols. /books.htmlRose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations.
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Moderation in All Things.
Be moderate in your use of essential oils as they are just not sustainable for the environment.Be selective and more moderate in your usage.
ODOR SNAPSHOTS
Odor snapshot of YY Abs & Extra
Odor Snapshot of YY Complete & Organic Fine
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Safety Considerations
Many thanks to the companies who have
wholeheartedly supported aromatherapy education and this blog with samples,
essential oils, and GC/MS. Especially to EdenBotanicals.com
Ylang photo of flowers from Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden by Jeanne Rose 1992
